Voltage and frequency regulation in smart grids via a unique Fuzzy PIDD2 controller optimized by Gradient-Based Optimization algorithm

This paper proposes a maiden intelligent controller design that consists of Fuzzy Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Double Derivative (FPIDD2) whose parameters are fine-tuned using the Gradient-Based Optimization algorithm (GBO). The proposed FPIDD2 regulator is employed as secondary for stabilizing combined voltage and frequency loops in two-area interconnected power system. It has been shown GBO optimization outperforms other strategies such Chimp Algorithm (ChOA), Whale (WOA), Gorilla Troops (GTO). tested conventional Then, investigation expanded to hybrid system, with each area comprising mix traditional (thermal, gas, hydraulic plants) renewable generation units (wind solar power). Additionally, takes into account system nonlinearities (such rate limitations, governor deadband, communication time delays), uncertainties, load/renewables fluctuations. In two systems, dynamic responses demonstrate superior ability attenuate deviations both areas studied compared PID tuned by Multi-Objective Non-Linear Threshold Accepting (MONLTA), which presented literature, (FPID) GBO. investigated suggested GBO-tuned Integral Derivative-Tilted (ID-T) FPID controller. As fitness function (FF) GBO, criteria minimizing integral absolute error (ITAE) applied. results form MATLAB/SIMULINK time-domain simulations.